Wall Clocks

History






The first pendulum clock invented by Christiaan Huygens in 1656
The clock was in 1656 by the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens patented the following year was invented. Huygens commissioned the construction of his designs clockmaker Salomon Coster's clock, which is actually built around the clock. Huygens was inspired by studies of the pendulum by Galileo began 1602nd Galileo discovered the important property that makes it useful tydhouers pendulum. Isochronous mode, depending on the length of the pendulum of the same size for different drivers means [3] [4] Galileo the idea of a pendulum clock in 1637, partly by his son, built in 1649, but has lived in complete. [5] The beginning of the pendulum, the first harmonic oscillator used in timekeeping, increased the accuracy of clocks in about 15 minutes per day up to 15 seconds per day [6], leading to the rapid spread of The current board and observed Foliot, updated with clocks.




A lantern clock is converted using a pendulum. To escape the clock off caused by the border, "wing" was added to the sides
These early clocks, which oscillate because of their inhibitions edge, wide 100 °. In its analysis of 1673 pendulum, Huygens Horologium Oscillatorium showed that the pendulum is very wrong, reducing the time and thus vary the speed of the clock to deal with the inevitable power through movement. Watchmaker admitted that only a small pendulum are isochronous with a certain degree the invention of the escapement mechanism which drives the swing, 1670, the pendulum at 4 ° -6 °. [7] The anchor is used, the standard pendulum escapement in watches. In addition to increasing accuracy, small swing of the pendulum clock allows anchoring case again, slower pendulums, which requires less energy and creates less wear on the movement of the housing. The second clock (also called the pendulum Royal), in which each move for a second, what about a meter long (39.37 inches), was used a lot. The long and narrow watches built around the clock, the first made by William Clement around 1680 was known as grandfather clocks. Improving the accuracy of these developments have the minute hand, previously rare, the dials are taken early due around 1690. [8]
The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries of horological innovation wave, the invention of the pendulum has many improvements to clocks. The deadbeat escapement invented in 1675 by Richard Towneley and popularized by George Graham around 1715 to gradually replace its precision watches supervisor, the anchor flight [9] and now in most modern watches pendulum used. The observation that clocks slow down in the summer, the recognition that thermal expansion and contraction of the pendulum was stick with the changes in temperature, a source of errors. This will be solved by the invention of the temperature compensated spherical pendulum clocks Mercury by George Graham in 1721 and the gate clock by John Harrison in 1726 [10] With these improvements, which by the mid-18 precision clocks century to achieve an accuracy of one. few seconds per week.
Until the 19th Century, the clocks of individual craftsmen and were very expensive. The rich decoration of the pendulum clocks of this period shows that their value as a status symbol of the empire. The Watchmaker to develop each country and region of Europe with their own distinctive style. By 19 Century, control of parts production clocks gradually affordable middle-class families.
During the Industrial Revolution, which is the organization of daily life around the clock. More precise clocks, regulators called, must be installed in rooms used for skeduleer work, and the other watches. The most accurate astronomical known as regulators, has been used in astronomical observatories, measuring and celestial navigation. From 19 observatories being in the navy century regulatory authorities as the primary standards for national time distribution function [11] 1909th U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) under the U.S. Riefler pendulum time clock accurate to about 10 milliseconds per day. In 1929, Shortt free pendulum clock with quartz Synchronome standards for decommissioning in 1930 [12] [13], alternating with an error of about one second per year. Shortt was the most accurate clock manufactured commercially. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]
Clocks, the world standard for accurate timekeeping for 270 years until the invention of the quartz watch in 1927 and has been the norm in World War 2 was used. The time service uses French clocks as part of their set of clocks to standard 1954 [19] The experimental clock accurate to date (2007), the Littlemore clock, built by Edward T. Hall in the 1990s. [20]